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Textile manufacturing

Cotton Processing
Cotton manufacturing processes (after Murray 1911)
Bale breaker
Blow Room
Willowing
Scutcher Breaker
Batting
Finishing scutcher
Polished
Carding
Carding Room
Silver Back
Comb
Drawing
Slubbing
Intermediate
Roving
Fine Roving
Spinner
–
Ring
Yarn
Staggering
Duplication
Winding
Bundling
Whitening
Winding
Distortion
Cabling
Sizing / slashing / Dressing
Gasification
Weaving
Tail
Cloth
Hilo (Cheese) – - Bundle
Sewing Thread
Cotton fiber is the world's most important natural. In 2007, the overall yield was 25 million tons of 35 million hectares cultivated in over 50 countries.
There are five stages
Cultivation and harvesting
Process preparation
Yarn
Weaving
Finish
The cultivation and harvesting
Cotton is grown anywhere with long, hot summers dry, with plenty of sunshine and low humidity. Indian cotton, Gossypium arboreum, is thinner, but the staple food is only suitable for hand processing. cotton American, Gossypium hirsutum, produce the basic food necessary for the production of the machine. The seed is from September to mid-November and the crop is between March and May. The cotton bolls are harvested by the stripper harvesters and gatherers spindle, which remove the entire capsule of the plant. The cotton plant is the seed pod cotton plant, which is attached to each of the thousands of seeds are the fibers of about 2.5 cm long.
Ginning
The seed cotton gin enters a cotton. The cotton gin separates seeds and eliminates the "Trash" (soil, stems and leaves) of the fiber. In a gin saw, circular saws grab the fiber and pull it through a fence that is too narrow for the seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with longer staple cotton. Here a roll capture leather cotton. A knife blade, near the rollers, separate the seeds by drawing through the teeth saws and brushes rotary wiping them away.
The ginned cotton fiber, known as the lint is compressed into bales which are about 1.5 m high and weighing nearly 220 kg. Only 33% of the crop is down usable. Commercial cotton is priced for the quality, and generally refers to the average length of the clip, and the variety of the plant. Longest-staple cotton (2 in 1 out) is called Egyptian basic medium (1 in) is called the American highlands and basic short (less than en) is called India.
Cotton seed is placed in a cooking oil. The shells and the foods are processed in the animals feed, and stems on paper.
Issues
Cotton is cultivated intensively and uses large quantities of fertilizer and insecticide 25% of the worlds. Native Indian variety is fed with rain water but modern hybrids used for the mills need watering, which extends to pests. The 5% of the land of cotton in India used to have 55% of all pesticides used in India. Before mechanization, cotton is harvested by hand and this unpleasant task was performed by the lower castes, and the United States by the slaves of origin Africa.
Process of preparation-Preparation of yarn
Ginning, bale and transport decisions are made in the country of origin.
Opening and cleaning
Platt Brothers Selector
cotton mills get the cotton shipped to them in general, 500 pound bales. When the cotton out of a bullet, it's all packed common and still contains vegetable matter. The bundle is broken open with a machine with large peaks. It is called a Opener.In to fluff the cotton and remove the vegetable matter, cotton is sent through a selector, or similar machines. A picker looks similar to the carding machine and cotton gin, but is slightly different. Cotton was introduced into the machine and struck with a beater bar to relax. It feeds through several rollers that serve to eliminate plant material. Cotton, assisted by the fans, then collected on a screen and is fed through rollers until it comes over like a piece of woolly smooth continuous, known as a return.
The mixture,
Mix and scutching
Carding
Main article: Carded
Carding machine
Carding: fibers are separated and then mounted in a lock (tapes or trailer) to the conclusion of this phase.
The leaves of the cotton picking machine in turns and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line fibers of good ways to make them easier to turn. The carding machine consists mainly of a large roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All rollers are covered in small teeth, such as cotton and further advances in the teeth get finer (Ie closer). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver, a string of large numbers of fibers.
Note: In a broader sense can carding refer to these four processes: Willowing-loosen the fibers Pulido-dusting to create a flat sheet or lap cotton, combed-back hair entangled in the a thick rope of 1 / 2 inch in diameter, a splinter, and Drafting-drawing in a frame combines four slices in a single repeat of a higher quality.
Combing is optional, but used to remove the shorter fibers, creating a strong thread.
Combing machine
Drawing the fibers are straightened
Have combined several tapes. Each strip points are fine and coarse, and by combining multiple tapes together a more consistent size can go. From the combination of several tapes produced a very thick rope of cotton fibers, directly after being combined the tapes are separated into rovings. These rovings are then what is used in the spinning process. Generally speaking, for machine processing a roving is about the width of a pencil.Next, chips that combine several. Each strip will have fine points and thick, and by combining several tapes and a more consistent size can go. Since the combination of several tapes produces a very thick rope cotton fiber, directly after being combined the tapes are separated into rovings. These wicks (or slubbings) are then what is used in the spinning process.
Overall, for the processing of the machine, one is wandering about the width of a pencil.
Drawing framework: Draws the string
Slubbing Frame: adds twist, and winds coils
Marcos term: used to repeat the process slubbing to produce a finer thread.
Roving frames: is reduced to a finer thread gives more spin, more regular and even in thickness, and winds in a smaller tube.
Spinning-Yarn manufacturing
Article Home: Cotton spinning machinery
Yarn
Spinning machines take the wick tapers and twists, the creation of thread wound around a coil.
In turn the wick mule pulls a spool and fed through rollers, which feed on several different speeds.This thins the wick at a constant rate. If the fuse was not a consistent size, then this measure could lead to a break in the thread, or it could jam the machine. The thread is twisted through the turn of the coil As the carriage moves out, and rolled on a transport police in return. Spinner produces a finer thread than the less skilled rotating ring.
The mule is an intermittent process, as advanced and returned within a distance of 5ft.It 1779 was the descendant of Crompton device. There is a softer wire less twisted was favored by fines and plot. It requires great skill, and it was women's work.
The ring was a descendant of Arkwright water frame 1769. It was a continuous process the yard was thicker, had a twist and was stronger so was suitable for warp. Require less skill was mens work. Ring is slow because the distance the wire must pass through the ring, other methods have been introduced. These are collectively known as Break or open end spinning.
Sewing thread was made of several strands twisted or doubled.
Checking
This is the process in each of the coil is rewound to give a tighter winding.
Folding torsion
Sailing is pulling strings of two or more coils and rotating together in the opposite direction to that in which it was separated. According to the desired weight cotton may or may not be Plied, and the number of wires twisted together varies.
Gasification
Main article: Singe # Textiles and gasification
Gasification is the process of moving yarn, unlike fabric very quickly through a series of Bunsen gas flame within a gas chamber with to burn the projection fibers and wire round and smooth and shiny too. Only the best qualities of thread are gassed, and that used for curtains, poplin, Venetians, raincoats, many qualities of Egypt, etc. There is a weight loss in gas chambers, which varies "between 5 and 8 percent., so that if a 2 / 60 's required yarn 2 / 56 's are used. Gassed yarn is darker in the shade after but should not be burned.
Mule spinning
Spinner
Ring
Ring
Measurements
Main article: Units of textile measurement
Cotton Count: The number of pieces of thread, 840 meters length required to complete a pound. 10 count cotton means that weighs 10×840 d £ 1 This is thicker than 40 have cotton 40×840 meters where needed. In the United Kingdom, counts and 40 are coarse grained (Oldham Condes), 40 to 80 years are counting medium and above 80 is a fine count. In the United States to 20 years counts are thick.
Hank: A length of 7 meters or read 840
Topic: 54 in length (the circumference of a warp beam)
Package: In general, 10 lbs
Read: A length of 80 threads or 120 meters
Denier is an alternative method. It is defined as a number that equals the weight in grams of 9000 meters a single yarn. 15 denier is thinner than 30 denier.
Tex: is the weight in grams of 1 km of thread.
The skein of yarn is only 560 yards
Woven Fabric Manufacturing
The process uses a loom weaving. The discussions lengthway known as the warp and crosswise threads is known as the weft. The fabric must be strong needs to be submitted to the loom at a warp beam. The plot, passing through the threads on a shuttle, which carries the thread of a faucet. They are automatically changed pirns the loom. Thus, the thread should be wrapped in a beam, and pirns before weaving can begin.
Winding
After spun and plied the thread cotton is brought to a room where the winding deformation takes the required length of thread and winds in coils warping
Distortion or radiant
A Warper
Coil Racks are designed to keep the line while rolling on the bar of the warp of a loom. Because the thread is fine, often three can be combined to obtain the desired threads. [Citation needed].
Sizing
Slasher machine size needed to strengthen the fabric by the addition of starch.
Drawing in blossom
The manufacturing process of each end of the weft separately through the cracks of the cane and Eye of the meshes in the order given by the project.
Pirning (Processing of the plot)
Pim settlement framework is used to transfer the pattern of the cheeses pirns thread on that would fit into the shuttle
Weaving
Main article: Power loom
At this point, the thread is woven. Depending on the time, one person can handle from 3 to 100 machines. In the mid-nineteenth century, four was the standard number. An expert weaver in 1925 race 6 Lancashire Looms. As passed time new mechanisms were added that stopped the loom any time something went wrong. Mechanisms to control such things as a broken warp thread, broken thread of the plot, the ship is going in a straight line, and if the ferry was empty. Forty of these looms and automatic looms Northrop could be managed by a skilled worker.
Draper loom textile museum in Lowell, Massachusetts
The three main motions of a loom are shedding, picking and beating-up.
Exercise: operation to divide the plot into two lines, so the shuttle can pass between these lines. There are two general types of sheds "open" and "closed." Open-shed warp threads are moved when the employer is required from one line to another. Closed Shed-The warp yarns are located on a line level after each selection.
Collection: The projection operation of the shuttle of a loom back and forth through the warp yarns division. This is done by underpick overpick or motions. The overpick is suitable for fast running looms, while the underpick is best for heavy or slow looms.
Beating up: The third main movement of the loom the cloth making, and is the action of the rod, since the units of each option in the plot that fell of the fabric.
The Lancashire Loom was the first semi-automatic loom. Dobby and Jacquard looms are looms that have sophisticated methods for dumping. Looms can be separated or added to a plain mechanisms loom. Northrop loom was fully automated and mass produced between 1909 and mid-1960s. Modern looms run faster and do not use a transport service: no air-jet looms, water jet looms and rapier looms.
Measurements
Ends and Tragedy: Tragedy refer to the plot, the extremes refer to the warp. The roughness of the fabric can be expressed as the number of peaks and ending with quarter of an inch square, or per square inch. Ends always written first. For example: Heavy Domestic are made of thick wire, like 10 to 14 years of warp and weft, and ends around 48 and 52 selections.
Associate professional qualifications
Piece
Dump
Weaver
Tackler
Child Drawing
Pirner
Issues
When a hand loom is in the home, children helped with the process tissue from an early age. Piecing needs skill and a child can be as productive as an adult. When you move the fabric of the house to the factory, children were allowed often to help their older sisters, and the laws have to be done to prevent child labor increasingly established
Woven Fabric Manufacturing
A machine circular.
Close-up of the needles.
Tissue machine in two different ways, warp and weft. Knitting Pattern (as seen in the photos) is similar to the method Hand weaving all points connected to each other horizontally. Several frame machines can be configured to produce textiles for a single spool or reel multiple, depending on the size of the cylinder of the machine (when needles are bedded). At one point there are many pieces warp yarn and non-string vertical zigzagged together by crossing the wire.
warp fabrics do not stretch as much as a plot point, and runs it is tough. A plot point is not running strong, but extends this is particularly true if lycra reels are processed from separate containers and tail that are interwoven with the cylinder with cotton thread giving the flexibility of the finished product making it less likely to have the appearance of a 'baggy'. The average t-shirt is a knitted fabric.
Finish Processing Textile
The gray fabric, cotton fabric loom state, not only contains impurities, including the size of the warp, but requires further treatment to develop their full potential textile. You can also receive significant added value through the application of one or more finishing processes.
Desizing
Depending on the size that has been used, the fabric may be charged with a dilute acid rinse, or enzymes can be used to break the size.
Scrub
Scouring is a cleaning chemical process carried out on cotton cloth to remove impurities and non-fibrous natural wax (eg, residual fragments seed) of the fiber and any stain or dirt added. Scouring is usually carried in iron containers called Kiers. The fabric is boiled in an alkali, which forms a soap free fatty acid. (Saponification). An autoclave is usually closed, so the sodium hydroxide solution can be boiled under pressure, excluding oxygen, which degrade the cellulose fiber. If the case handling of reagents, scouring will also remove the size of the material, but often precedes to desizing scouring and is considered as a separate process known as fabric preparation. Preparation and scouring are prerequisites for most processes finish. At this stage, even the natural cotton fibers are yellowish white and bleaching, the following process is required.
Whitening
Main article: textile bleaching
Whitening whiteness improvement by removing the natural color and trace impurities of cotton, the degree of bleaching required is determined by the required brightness and absorption. Cotton is a vegetable fiber is bleached with an oxidizing agent such as dilute sodium hydrochlorite or dilute hydrogen peroxide. If the fabric is being dyed a deep tone, then low levels of bleaching are acceptable, for example. However, white bed sheets and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorptive capacity are essential.
Mercerization
Leading Article: mercerized cotton
Another possibility is the mercerization during which the fabric is treated with caustic soda solution to cause swelling of the fibers. This results in improved brightness, strength and affinity for dye. The mercerized cotton is under stress, and all the alkaline wash before the voltage is released or reduction is carried out. Mercerization can take place directly on the gray cloth, or after bleaching.
Many chemical treatments can be applied to cotton fabrics to produce low flammability, crease resistance and other special effects, but significant, four non-chemical treatments are finished following:
Singed
Main article: Singe Textiles #
Singed is designed to burn the fibers of the fabric surface to produce smoothly. The cloth goes over the brush to increase the fiber, then goes on a plate heated by gas flames.
Increased
Another finishing process is raising. During sensitization, the surface of the fabric is treated with sharp teeth to raise the surface fibers, which provide villus, smoothness and warmth, as in the flannel.
Calendering
Main article: Calendar
Calendering is the third major mechanical process, in which the fabric is passed between hot rollers to produce smooth, polished or embossed effects depending on the properties of the surface of the roller and the relative velocities.
Waning (Sanforizing)
Main article: Sanforization
Finally, the mechanical reduction (sometimes called sanforizing), whereby the tissue is forced to reduce width and / or long, creates a structure in which any residual tendency to decrease after the subsequent washing is minimal.
Tincture
Main article: Dyed
Finally, cotton is an absorbent fiber that responds quickly to process color. Dyeing, for example, are often carried out anionic direct dye completely submerge the fabric (or yarn) in an aqueous dye bath according to a set procedure. To improve resistance to washing, Rubbing and light, other colors such as tanks and reagents are in common use. These require more complex chemistry during processing and therefore more expensive to implement.
Print
Main article: Textile Printing
Print, on the other hand, is the application of color in a paste or ink to the surface a cloth in a predetermined pattern. It can be considered localized dyeing. print designs and dyed fabric is also possible.
Impact economic, environmental and manufacturing of cotton policies
Cotton growth is divided into two segments ie, organic and genetically modified. . cotton crop provides a livelihood to millions of people, but its production is increasingly expensive due to high water consumption, pesticide use costly insecticides and fertilizers. GM products are designed to increase resistance to disease and reduce the water needed. The organic sector was U.S. $ 583 million. transgenic cotton in 2007, occupied 43% of cotton cultivation areas ..
The energy consumption as water and electricity is relatively high, especially in processes such as washing, de-sized, bleaching, washing, dyeing, printing, finishing and coating. Transformation takes time. Most water in the textile industry is used for wet processing of textiles (70 percent). Approximately 25 percent of energy in total production as fiber textile production, spinning, twisting, weaving, knitting, clothing, manufacturing etc. is used in dyeing. About 34 percent of energy consumed in spinning, 23 percent in the tissue, 38 percent in the wet process chemical and five per cent in different processes. Power dominates consumption pattern in spinning and weaving while thermal energy is the main factor for wet chemical processing.
The treatment plant processes other than fiber-
Flax
Main article: Lino
Flax is a bast fiber, which means it comes in packets in the bark of the plant Linum usitatissimum. The flowers of the plant is harvested.
Retting
Rupture
Scutching
Hackling or combed
It is now treated as cotton.
Jute
Main article: Jute
Jute is a bast fiber, which comes from the inner bark of plants of the genus Corchorus. It is like flax retting, sun-dried and packed. When you turn a small amount of Oil must be added to the fiber. It can be bleached and dyed. It was used for sacks and bags, but now is used for carpet backing.
Hemp
Main article: Hemp
Hemp is a bast fiber from the inner bark of Cannabis sativa. It's hard to chlorine, is used to manufacture cable and rope.
Retting
Separation
Knock
Other bast fibers
These bast fibers can also be used: kenaf, Ureña ramie, nettles.
Other fiber sheet
Sisal is the main piece of fiber used, while others are ABAC and henequen.
Processing of protein fibers
The wool of domestic sheep is. Form two products, wool and yarn. The sheep has two types of wool and the inner layer is used. This can be mixed with wool that has recovered from rags. Poor quality is the term for wool not recovered mate, while wool comes from mung felt. Recovering chemically extract from cotton mixed fabrics of wool /.
The fleece is cut into a piece of sheep.This is then edged to remove the greasy wool, and packed. Be classified in a long wool fibers which can be up to 15, but no more than 2.5 inches is ideal for combining into yarn. Less than the wool fibers so short and described as linen or wool carding.
In the factory of the wool is washed with detergent to remove the fat (the yolk) and impurities. This is done by mechanically opening the machine. Vegetable matter can be removed chemically with sulfuric acid (Carbonization). Washing using a solution of soap and sodium carbonate. The wool is oiled carded or combed before.
Lana: delete using worsted combs, mungo and shoddy and wool short again
Worsteds
Combing: Grease wicks wound into turns, and placed in the dressing circular. The yarn together to form a spin. The shorter fibers and are deleted or removed with a knife.
Angora
Silk
The Silk production processes are similar to those of cotton, but be aware that silk is reeeled a continuous fiber. The terms used are different.
Opening Packages. Regrouping, hanks: where silk is classified by color, size and quality, scouring: Where washed silk in 40 degree water for 12 hours to remove the gum Natural drying: either by heating steam or a centrifuge, softening: rubbing to remove any stubborn stains.
Silk throw (Settlement). The skeins are placed in a spool on a frame with many others. The silk is wound on spools or coils.
Doubling and twisting. The silk is too fine to be woven, so now is doubled and twisted to make the warp, known as organzine and weft, known as the tram. In each organzine only takes a few turns per inch (TPI), and combine with Several other singles from hard twisted 10-14 tpi. In the two tram singles doubles together with a light touch, 3-6 tpi. Sewing thread yarn is two tram hard and twisted spin machine is made of three strands twisted hard tram. Streetcar crepe process is twisted at 80 tpi to do 'kick'.
Stretching. The thread is proof of uniform size. Any uneven thickness is extended. The resulting thread staggered 500 yards at 2500 yd. Hanks are about 50 in a length of loop.
Dyeing: Hanks was walked again, and discoloration with a process to remove sulfur. This weakens the silk. The skeins are dyed or dyed. They are dried and rewound in rolls, spools and skeins. Budding, and in the process of weaving loom is the same as with cotton.
Web. The organzine is deformed. It is a process similar to cotton. First, about thirty strings are an overwhelming strain, and then use the reels deformation the threads are released. A thick layer of paper lying between each layer of the beam to stop mess.
Treatment of man-made fibers
Discussion types of man-made fibers
Main article: Synthetic Fiber
Synthetic fibers are the result of extensive development by scientists naturally to improve animal and vegetable fibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by forcing, or extruding, fiber forming materials through holes (Called rows) in the air, forming a thread. Before developed synthetic fibers, cellulose fibers were made from natural cellulose, which comes from plants.
The first artificial fiber, known as silk art from 1799 onwards, became known as the sticky around 1894, and finally rayon in 1924. A similar product called cellulose acetate was discovered in 1865. Rayon and acetate are synthetic fibers, synthetic, but not really, still made of wood. Despite of these artificial fibers were discovered in the mid-nineteenth century, modern manufacturing success began much later in the 1930s. Nylon, the first fiber synthetic, made its U.S. debut as a substitute for silk, and was used for parachutes and other military uses. [Citation needed]
The techniques used to process these fibers into yarns are essentially the same as with natural fibers, the changes have to be how are you fibers are very long, and have no texture as the balance in cotton and wool help meshing. [Citation needed]
additional processes associated with man-made fibers
See also
Glossary of textile sector
References
^ Abc Majeed, A January (19 2009). "Cotton Textiles and the challenges ahead." Dawn-edition Internet. http://www.dawn.com/2009/01/19/ebr5.htm. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.
^ "Machin processes." Spinning the Web. Manchester City Council: Libraries. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/industry/machproc.php. Retrieved on 2009-01-29.
Ab ^ c "Crafts of India.." Craft Revival Trust. http://www.craftrevival.org/voiceDetails.asp?Code=25. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.
^ "The cultivation and harvesting." Spinning the Web. Manchester City Council: Libraries. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=64&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Cultivation+&+harvesting. Retrieved on 2009-01-29.
^ Collier 1970, p. 11
Ab ^ Collier 1970, p. 13
^ "Preparatory Process." Spinning the Web. Manchester City Council: the libraries. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=65&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Preparatory+processes. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
^ Collier 1970, pp. 66.67
^ Collier 1970, p. 69
^ Collier 1970, pp. 70
^ Hill 1993, p. 4
^ Collier 1970, pp. 71
^ Saxonhouse, Gary. Seminars SST "Technological developments in the cotton spinning, 1878-1933." Stanford University. http://siepr.stanford.edu/programs/SST_Seminars/Jeremy.pdf OSH Seminars. Retrieved on 01/26/2009.
^ Collier 1970, pp. 79
^ "Spinning." Spinning the Web. Manchester City Council: Libraries. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=66&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Spinning. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
^ Curtis 1921, p. 1
^ Curtis 1921, p. cotton count
^ Collier 1970, p. 3
^ Collier 1970, p. 74
^ "Weaving." Spinning the Web. Manchester City Council: Libraries. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=66&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Weaving. Retrieved on 2009-01-29.
^ Fowler, Alan (2003). Lancashire Cotton Operatives and Work, 1900-1950: A Social History of Lancashire cotton operatives in the twentieth century. Ashgate Publishing, SA de CV. pp. 90. ISBN 0754601161, 9780754601166. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7GHLv-rLifgC&printsec=frontcover. Accessed 21 January 2009.
^ Curtis 1921, p. Barn
^ Curtis 1921, p. Ends
^ Collier 1970, p. 118
^ "Treatment." Spinning the Web. Manchester City Council: Libraries. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/m_display.php?irn=68&sub=machproc&theme=industry&crumb=Finishing. Retrieved on 2009-01-29.
^ Greenhalgh, David (2005). "Cotton finished." davghalgh http://website.lineone.net/ ~ / cotton_finishing.html. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.
Ab ^ Collier 1970, p. 155
^ Collier 1970, p. 157
^ Collier 1970, p. 159
^ "Cotton: from field to the facts behind the fiber Fashion." Talent2Trade. http://www.t2trade.co.uk/downloads/ComparingConventionalCottontoOrganic-TheFacts.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-02-12.
^ Collier 1970, p. 16
^ Collier 1970, p. 17
^ Collier 1970, p. 19
^ "Silk manufacturing." Antiques Digest: Loss of consciousness of the past. Old and sold. Early 1900s. http://www.oldandsold.com/articles04/textiles17.shtml. Retrieved on 07/04/2009.
Bibliography
Barfoot, JR (1840). The Progress of cotton. Barfoot series of color lithographs from 1840 that represents the process cotton manufacturing .. Spinning the Web, Library Manchester: Darton. pp. 12. http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/bookbrowse.php?page=2&book=Barfoot&sub=overview&theme=overview&crumb=The Age of the factory and submit_x = 0 & submit_y = 0 & submit = submit. Retrieved on February 11, 2009.
Collier, Ann M. (1970). A Handbook of Textiles. Pergamon Press. pp. 258. ISBN 0 08 018057 4, 0 08,018,056 6.
Curtis, HP (1921), "Glossary of textile materials," Black Book Arthur Roberts. (Manchester: Marsden and Company, Ltd. 1921), http://www.oneguyfrombarlick.co.uk/forum_topic.asp?whichpage=1&TOPIC_ID=6424&FORUM_ID=99&CAT_ID=3&Forum_Title=Rare+Text+ (Book + Transcripts) and Topic_Title = A + Glossary + of + Textile + Conditions, Retrieved 1/11/2009
Gurr, Duncan, Hunt, Julian (1998), factories Cotton Oldham, Oldham Education & Leisure, ISBN 0-902809-46-6, http://www.spinningtheweb.org.uk/a_results.php?x=5&y QueryName = = 7 and keywords and Key = + + + The Cotton Mills of Oldham +, the short story + + + + and a gazetteer
Hills, Richard Leslie (1993). Steam Power: A History of motor stationary steam. Cambridge University Press,. pp. 244. ISBN 052145834X, 9780521458344. http://books.google.com/books?id=t6TLOQBhd0YC. Retrieved January 2009.
Nasmith, Joseph (1894), "Recent cotton mill and Engineering, Recent cotton mill and engineering. (John Heywood, Deansgate, Manchester, reprinted Elibron Classics), ISBN 1-4021-4558-6, http://www.archive.org/details/recentcottonmill00nasm, accessed 11/01/2009
Roberts, AS (1921), "List of Robert Arthur Motor" Black Book of Arthur Roberts. (A kid-Transcript Barlick Books), http://oneguyfrombarlick.co.uk/forum_topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=7926&FORUM_ID=99&CAT_ID=3&Forum_Title=Rare+Text+ (Book + Transcripts) and Arthur Roberts Topic_Title = + + + LIST MOTOR & whichpage = 1 & tmp = 1 # pid81483, Retrieved 1/11/2009
External Links
Cotton Yearbook 1910 (Textile Mercury) The descriptions and calculations for the purchase of all cotton processing machines.
1921 John Hetherington and Sons catalog description and illustrations of the main engines.
Textiles Industry Profile: Guide to U.S. EPA
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Textiles Warp Weft Yarn
Tools and techniques
Chilkat weaving Fingerweaving Warp Ikat Inkle weaving Jacquard Kasuri Loom Navajo rug Shuttle Tablet weaving tapestries Tniko
Types of looms
Dobby loom Jacquard loom weaving loom Northrop Hattersley Lancashire Roberts loom loom Loom Warp Weighted Loom
Weavers
Ada Dietz Micheline Beauchemin Acesa Pamphile John Rylands Brigitta Scherzenfeldt Judocus de Vos Clara Sherman
v of
Cotton
Architects
Sidney Stott Stott (later Sir Philip) Edward Potts Potts, Pickup & Dixon Dixon FW & Son
Engine makers
Daniel Adamson Ashton Ashworth and Parker Frost Boulton and Watt and Buckley Browett Lindley & Taylor Earnshaw & Fairbairn Carel Hicks Holt Goodfellow J & Galloway Goodfellow JBW Musgrave & W McNaught Scott Petrie of Rochdale Urmson Saxon and George Hodgson & Thompson Yates Yates & Thom Blackburn Whilans Woolstenhulme J & E Wood and Rye
Machinery makers
Brooks and Doxey Dobson Butterworth & Dickinson & Hetherington John Barlow & Sons Joseph Hibbert Howard & Bullough Geo. Asa Lees Hattersley Taylor Mather & Platt Platt Brothers, makers of Lang & Textile Machinery Co Ltd Tweedale and Smalley
–
Fine Spinners and Oldham Limiteds Lancashire benders Courtaulds Corporation Bagley Wright & Cotton
Industrial processes
Textile machinery manufacturing cotton yarn open end spinning frame ring Spinning Spinning mule Spinning Jenny Roberts Water Framework Lancashire Loom Loom
The lists of mills
LCC mills Oldham Bolton Bury Cheshire Derbyshire Manchester Lancashire Tameside Rochdale Salford Stockport Wigan
Categories: Textile History | industryHidden textile categories: All articles lacking sources | Articles lacking reliable references from February 2009 About the Author

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